منابع مشابه
Cryptococcus neoformans copper detoxification machinery is critical for fungal virulence.
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal that is toxic at high concentrations. Thus, pathogens often rely on host Cu for growth, but host cells can hyperaccumulate Cu to exert antimicrobial effects. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans encodes many Cu-responsive genes, but their role in infection is unclear. We determined that pulmonary C. neoformans infection results in Cu-specific induc...
متن کاملAspergillus fumigatus Copper Export Machinery and Reactive Oxygen Intermediate Defense Counter Host Copper-Mediated Oxidative Antimicrobial Offense.
The Fenton-chemistry-generating properties of copper ions are considered a potent phagolysosome defense against pathogenic microbes, yet our understanding of underlying host/microbe dynamics remains unclear. We address this issue in invasive aspergillosis and demonstrate that host and fungal responses inextricably connect copper and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) mechanisms. Loss of the cop...
متن کاملReciprocal functions of Cryptococcus neoformans copper homeostasis machinery during pulmonary infection and meningoencephalitis.
Copper homeostasis is important for virulence of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which can cause lethal meningoencephalitis in humans. Cryptococcus cells encounter high copper levels in the lung, where infection is initiated, and low copper levels in the brain. Here we demonstrate that two Cryptococcus copper transporters, Ctr1 and Ctr4, differentially influence fungal survival during pulmo...
متن کاملRefining Objects
Inspired by Cardelli’s pioneering work, many type disciplines for object-oriented programming are based on enrichments of structural type theories with constructs such as subtyping and bounded polymorphism. A principal benefit of such a formulation is that the absence of “message not understood” errors is an immediate corollary of the type safety theorem. A principal drawback is that the result...
متن کاملRefining an Approximate Inverse
Direct methods have made remarkable progress in the computational efficiency of factorization algorithms during the last three decades. The advances in graph theoretic algorithms have not received enough attention from the iterative methods community. For example, we demonstrate how symbolic factorization algorithms from direct methods can accelerate the computation of a factored approximate in...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Scientific American
سال: 1907
ISSN: 0036-8733
DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican08031907-72supp